What is the difference between STEM OPT and regular OPT in the USA?

Both STEM OPT and regular OPT are post-graduation work authorisations for F-1 students, but they differ significantly in duration and requirements.

Regular OPT:
- Available to all F-1 graduates regardless of field
- Duration: 12 months
- No restrictions on employer type
- Employer does not need E-Verify certification
- No formal training plan required

STEM OPT Extension:
- Available only to graduates whose degrees are in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics) — must be on the DHS STEM Designated Degree Program List
- Additional 24 months beyond the initial 12 = 36 months total
- Employer MUST be enrolled in E-Verify (a federal programme to verify employment eligibility)
- You must submit a formal Training Plan (Form I-983) signed by both you and your employer
- You must receive the same benefits, working conditions, and pay as US workers in similar positions
- Student must have a valid job offer from an E-Verify employer in a STEM-related role

How to apply for STEM OPT Extension:
1. Apply through your DSO at least 90 days before your initial OPT expires
2. File Form I-765 with USCIS ($410 fee)
3. Get your new I-20 reflecting the STEM extension from your DSO
4. Submit Form I-983 Training Plan signed by your employer
5. USCIS processing: 3–5 months — apply early

Reporting requirements during STEM OPT:
- Report your employer information to your DSO every 6 months
- Report any change of employer to your DSO within 10 days

Why it matters: 36 months of OPT significantly increases your time to secure an H-1B sponsorship and go through the lottery process.