Italian public universities base fees on family income. The minimum fee is €156/year. Average fees for international students are €1,000-€4,000/year — among the lowest in the developed world. Private universities (Bocconi, Cattolica) charge €8,000-€25,000/year. Total annual cost: ~€10,000-€18,000 in Milan/Rome, €8,000-€13,000 in Bologna or Turin.